Radtke OA, Kiderlen AF, Kayser O, Kolodziej H (2004): Gene expression profiles of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cytokines in Leishmania major-infected macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells treated with gallic acid
Planta Med. 70: 924-928.

The effects of gallic acid on the gene expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ were investigated by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The experiments were performed in parallel in non-infected and in L. major-infected RAW 264.7 cells, and the expression profiles were compared with those mediated by IFN-γ plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The infection per se induced the expression first of IL-1 and TNF-α mRNA, later that of IL-10 mRNA. Gallic acid induced low and transient levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in non-infected cells and it clearly enhanced and prolonged iNOS and cytokine mRNA expression in Leishmania-parasitised cells. Interestingly, and in contrast to activation by IFN-γ/LPS, gallic acid also stimulated Leishmania-infected cells to produce IFN-γ mRNA. For IFN-α, a sandwich immunoassay was performed to determine its amount present in the supernatant of gallic acid-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In showing predominant stimulation of infected cells and the induction especially of IFN-γ, a cytokine that plays a central role in antimicrobial macrophage and T cell regulation, these data provide the basis for an immunological concept of gallic acid and possibly other plant polyphenols for their beneficial effects in various infectious conditions.