Kerrinnes T, Zelas ZB, Streckel W, Faber F, Tietze E, Tschäpe H, Yaron S (2008): CsrA and CsrB are required for the post-transcriptional control of the virulence-associated effector protein AvrA of Salmonella enterica
Int. J. Med. Microbiol.: Epub 2008 Nov 29.

The virulence-associated effector protein AvrA of Salmonella enterica is an ubiquitin-like acetyltransferase/cysteine protease, which interferes with the first line of immune response of the target organism. In contrast to translation of the AvrA protein in S. enterica strains, which takes place either constitutively (class 1 strains), or after acid induction (class 2 strains), or not at all (class 3 strains); the constitutive transcription of the respective avrA genes occurs regardless of these defined expression classes. When the number of avrA genes and mRNA molecules is raised experimentally using plasmids carrying the respective cloned avrA genes together with their promoter regions, the translation of avrA mRNA takes place very strongly in all respective AvrA expression classes. This kind of copy-dependent, post-transcriptional control of AvrA was shown to be dependent on the regulatory action of the CsrA/CsrB system since the deletion of both genes completely abolished the translation in the tested S. enterica strains, whereas the transcription remained unaffected. Moreover, AvrA production in strains carrying the cloned avrA genes on plasmids remained dependent on the presence of CsrA but unaffected in csrB mutant strains. On the other hand, overproduction of the regulatory molecules CsrA and CsrB in S. enterica strains carrying cloned csrA and csrB genes on plasmids ceased the expression of AvrA again. Therefore, the expression of avrA is suggested to be regulated in a post-transcriptional manner by critical and effective concentrations of CsrA (see-saw regulation), which is achieved through the sequestering activity of CsrB.